SQL Cheat Sheet (Download in PDF or Image Format)

This article features a fantastic SQL Cheat Sheet with the most commonly used SQL Commands. View it or download in the PDF or Image (JPG or PNG) format.

Our SQL Cheat Sheet enables you to revise almost the entire set of SQL Commands quickly. It is highly recommended to go through this cheat sheet if you are:

Preparing for your SQL exam
Going for an interview
Or you an absolute beginner who quickly wants to have a hold on the different SQL Commands.

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Table of Contents

Fetching Data from a Single Table

All of the demonstrated queries are fetching data from a table named abc.

Fetching data in columns, col_1, col_2 and col_3 from the table

SELECT col_1, col_2, col_3 from abc;

1	SELECT col_1, col_2, col_3 from abc;

Fetching data in all the columns of the table

SELECT * from abc;

1	SELECT * from abc;

Fetching data in columns, col_1, col_2 and col_3 from the table after filtering rows according to a condition.

SELECT col_1, col_2, col_3 from abc
WHERE condition;

1 2	SELECT col_1, col_2, col_3 from abc WHERE condition;

Fetching only distinct rows from the table

SELECT DISTINCT col_1 FROM abc
WHERE condition;

1 2	SELECT DISTINCT col_1 FROM abc WHERE condition;

Fetching rows in either Ascending or Descending order

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc
ORDER BY col_2 ASC [DESC];

1 2	SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc ORDER BY col_2 ASC [DESC];

Fetching n number of rows after skipping offset number of rows from the start

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM t
ORDER BY col_2
LIMIT n OFFSET offset;

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM t

ORDER BY col_2

LIMIT n OFFSET offset;

Using the aggregate function for grouping of rows

SELECT col_1, aggregate(col_2)
FROM abc
GROUP BY col_1;

SELECT col_1, aggregate(col_2)

FROM abc

GROUP BY col_1;

Fetching filtered rows using having clause

SELECT col_1, aggregate(col_2)
FROM abc
GROUP BY col_1
HAVING condition;

SELECT col_1, aggregate(col_2)

FROM abc

GROUP BY col_1

HAVING condition;

Fetching data from Multiple Tables

The queries are demonstrated for the two tabled named table1 and table2.

Note. Colum names are represented by col_1 and col_2 but any of these two columns may belong to either of the tables. table1.col_1, table2.col_1, can be used to fetch the data in columns if both of the tables contain the same column named col_1.

Applying inner join on table1 and table2

SELECT col_1, col_2
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON condition;

SELECT col_1, col_2

FROM table1

INNER JOIN table2 ON condition;

Left joining table1 with table2

SELECT col_1, col_2
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON condition;

SELECT col_1, col_2

FROM table1

LEFT JOIN table2 ON condition;

Right joining table1 with table2

SELECT col_1, col_2
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON condition;

SELECT col_1, col_2

FROM table1

RIGHT JOIN table2 ON condition;

Applying Full Outer Join

SELECT col_1, col_2
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON condition;

SELECT col_1, col_2

FROM table1

FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON condition;

Fetching rows generated by performing cartesian product

SELECT col_1, col_2 
FROM table1
CROSS JOIN table2;

SELECT col_1, col_2

FROM table1

CROSS JOIN table2;

SELECT col_1, col_2 
FROM table1, table2;

1 2	SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table1, table2;

Self Joining table1 on itself by applying INNER JOIN

SELECT col_1, col_2
FROM table1 A
INNER JOIN table2 B ON condition;

SELECT col_1, col_2

FROM table1 A

INNER JOIN table2 B ON condition;

SQL Operators

Fetching combined rows selected using two queries

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table1
UNION [ALL]
SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table2;

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table1

UNION [ALL]

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table2;

Fetching the intersecting rows of the two queries

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table1
INTERSECT
SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table2;

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table1

INTERSECT

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table2;

Subtracting the rows fetched using a query from another query

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table1
MINUS
SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table2;

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table1

MINUS

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM table2;

Fetching rows having column value matching or not with a given particular pattern

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc
WHERE col_1 LIKE pattern;

1 2	SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc WHERE col_1 LIKE pattern;

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc
WHERE col_1 NOT LIKE pattern;

1 2	SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc WHERE col_1 NOT LIKE pattern;

Fetching rows having column value in a given list

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc
WHERE col_1 [NOT] IN value_list;

1 2	SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc WHERE col_1 [NOT] IN value_list;

Fetching rows having column value in a given range

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc
WHERE  col_1 BETWEEN low AND high;

1 2	SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc WHERE col_1 BETWEEN low AND high;

Fetching rows having column values either NULL or not NULL

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc
WHERE  col_1 IS NULL;

1 2	SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc WHERE col_1 IS NULL;

SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc
WHERE  col_1 IS NOT NULL;

1 2	SELECT col_1, col_2 FROM abc WHERE col_1 IS NOT NULL;

Tables Management Commands

Following commands are illustrated with the database table named info.

Creating a new table named info with three different columns id, name and age.

CREATE TABLE info (
     id INT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR NOT NULL,
     age INT DEFAULT 0
);

CREATE TABLE info (

id INT PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR NOT NULL,

age INT DEFAULT 0

);

Delete or drop a database table

DROP TABLE info;

1	DROP TABLE info;

Adding a new table column

ALTER TABLE info ADD col_x;

1	ALTER TABLE info ADD col_x;

Deleting a particular column from a given table

ALTER TABLE info DROP COLUMN col_x;

1	ALTER TABLE info DROP COLUMN col_x;

Adding a constraint to a given table

ALTER TABLE info ADD constraint;

1	ALTER TABLE info ADD constraint;

Deleting a constraint from a given table

ALTER TABLE info DROP constraint;

1	ALTER TABLE info DROP constraint;

Renaming a particular table

ALTER TABLE current_name RENAME TO new_name;

1	ALTER TABLE current_name RENAME TO new_name;

Renaming a particular table column

ALTER TABLE info RENAME current_col_name TO new_col_name;

1	ALTER TABLE info RENAME current_col_name TO new_col_name;

Removing all table data (Empty a database table)

TRUNCATE TABLE info;

1	TRUNCATE TABLE info;

Modifying Table Data

Inserting a single row in a table named info.

INSERT INTO info(col_1, col_2, col_3)
VALUES(val_1, val_2, val_3);

1 2	INSERT INTO info(col_1, col_2, col_3) VALUES(val_1, val_2, val_3);

Inserting multiple rows into a table in a single query.

INSERT INTO info(col_1, col_2, col_3)
VALUES (val_1, val_2, val_3),
(val_1, val_2, val_3),
(val_1, val_2, val_3), ...;

INSERT INTO info(col_1, col_2, col_3)

VALUES (val_1, val_2, val_3),

(val_1, val_2, val_3),

(val_1, val_2, val_3), ...;

Inserting all rows from table2 into table1

INSERT INTO t1(col_1, col_2, col_3)
SELECT col_1, col_2, col_3
FROM t2;

INSERT INTO t1(col_1, col_2, col_3)

SELECT col_1, col_2, col_3

FROM t2;

Updating a particular column value in all of the table rows.

UPDATE info
SET col_1 = val_1;

1 2	UPDATE info SET col_1 = val_1;

Updating multiple columns values in a single or multiple rows according to a given condition.

UPDATE info
SET col_1 = val_1, col_2 = val_2
WHERE condition;

UPDATE info

SET col_1 = val_1, col_2 = val_2

WHERE condition;

Deleting all of the table rows.

DELETE FROM info;

1	DELETE FROM info;

Deleting all of the table rows that satisfy a condition.

DELETE FROM info
WHERE condition;

1 2	DELETE FROM info WHERE condition;

SQL Constraints

Creating table1 with three columns col_1, col_2 and col_3 such that col_1 and col_2 are the primary keys.

CREATE TABLE table1(
    col_1 INT, col_2 INT, col_3 VARCHAR,
    PRIMARY KEY (col_1, col_2)
);

CREATE TABLE table1(

col_1 INT, col_2 INT, col_3 VARCHAR,

PRIMARY KEY (col_1, col_2)

);

Creating a new table and setting a foreign key col_2 that refers to a column in another table.

CREATE TABLE table1(
    col_1 INT PRIMARY KEY,  
    col_2 INT,
    FOREIGN KEY (col_2) REFERENCES table2(col_2)
);

CREATE TABLE table1(

col_1 INT PRIMARY KEY,

col_2 INT,

FOREIGN KEY (col_2) REFERENCES table2(col_2)

);

Creating a table with UNIQUE value columns, col_1 and col_2

CREATE TABLE table1(
    col_1 INT, col_2 INT,
    UNIQUE(col_1, col_2)
);

CREATE TABLE table1(

col_1 INT, col_2 INT,

UNIQUE(col_1, col_2)

);

Creating a table with VALUE IN RANGE constraint

CREATE TABLE table1(
  col_1 INT, col_2 INT,
  CHECK(col_1> 10 AND col_1= < col_2)
);

CREATE TABLE table1(

col_1 INT, col_2 INT,

CHECK(col_1> 10 AND col_1= < col_2)

);

Creating a table with a column that should not contain NULL values

CREATE TABLE table1(
     col_1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
     col_2 VARCHAR NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE table1(

col_1 INT PRIMARY KEY,

col_2 VARCHAR NOT NULL

);

Views Management

Creating a view of two columns col_1 and col_2 of table1.

CREATE VIEW view_1(col_1,col_2) 
AS
SELECT col_1, col_2
FROM table1;

CREATE VIEW view_1(col_1,col_2)

SELECT col_1, col_2

FROM table1;

Creating a view along with the CHECK option.

CREATE VIEW view_1(col_1,col_2) 
AS
SELECT col_1, col_2
FROM table1;
WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION;

CREATE VIEW view_1(col_1,col_2)

SELECT col_1, col_2

FROM table1;

WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION;

Recursive View creation

The first select statement is the anchor part while the second select statement is the recursive part in the following query.

CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW view_1
AS
select-statement
UNION [ALL]
select-statement;

CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW view_1

select-statement

UNION [ALL]

select-statement;

Temporary View Creation

CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW view_1
AS
SELECT col_1, col_2
FROM table1;

CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW view_1

SELECT col_1, col_2

FROM table1;

Deleting a particular View

DROP VIEW view_1;

1	DROP VIEW view_1;

Index Management

Creating an index on the col_1 and col_2 of table1.

CREATE INDEX index_1 
ON table1(col_1,col_2);

1 2	CREATE INDEX index_1 ON table1(col_1,col_2);

Creating a UNIQUE index on the col_1 and col_2 of table1.

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_1
ON table1(col_1,col_2)

1 2	CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_1 ON table1(col_1,col_2)

Deleting a given index

DROP INDEX index_1;

1	DROP INDEX index_1;

Triggers Management

A Single query is written to demonstrate the creation of all the different possible triggers. It created a create trigger_1 on table1. You have to replace WHEN, EVENT and TYPE with the terms specified after the query.

CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_1
WHEN EVENT
ON table1 TRIGGER_TYPE
EXECUTE stored_procedure;

CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_1

WHEN EVENT

ON table1 TRIGGER_TYPE

EXECUTE stored_procedure;

WHEN

BEFORE to invoke the trigger before the event occurs and AFTER to invoke the trigger after the event occurs.

EVENT

INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE to perform the insertion, updation and deletion actions respectively.

TYPE

It can be FOR EACH ROW and FOR EACH STATEMENT

Deleting a given Trigger

DROP TRIGGER trigger_1

1	DROP TRIGGER trigger_1

SQL Functions

You can use these functions within queries to perform some sort of mathematical calculations for the table data or to perform some scalar operations. All of these function returns a single value, not a resultset. Further, you can use these functions in the queries to get resultsets, mostly, by applying conditions using WHERE or HAVING clause.

Aggregate Functions

AVG()
COUNT()
FIRST()
LAST()
MAX()
MIN()
SUM()

As their names suggest, these functions return the average, count, first, last, maximum, minimum and sum values of a list.

Scalar Functions

UCASE()
LCASE()
MID()
LEN()
ROUND()
NOW()
FORMAT()

These function also works as their name suggests.

I hope you find this guide useful. If so, do share it with others who are willing to learn SQL. If you have any questions related to this article, feel free to ask them in the comments section.

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Programming, SQL

SQL Cheat Sheet (Download in PDF or Image Format)

Fetching Data from a Single Table

Fetching data from Multiple Tables

SQL Operators

Tables Management Commands

Modifying Table Data

SQL Constraints

Views Management

Index Management

Triggers Management

SQL Functions

Aggregate Functions

Scalar Functions

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Gurmeet Singh

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